muelleri were clustered in another clade. konjac were clustered in one clade, and A. The results showed that Amorphophallus was clustered in Araceae, and Amorphophallus was divided into two clades A. Complete cp genome sequences of four Amorphophallus species and other plants were used to perform phylogenetic analyses.
Furthermore, the regression of ndhK was detected from four Amorphophallus cp genomes in our study. These divergences comprising SSRs, SNPs and indel markers will be useful in testing the maternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome, identifying species differentiation and even in breeding programs. SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and indels (insertion-deletions) were calculated from coding genes and noncoding genes, respectively. In addition, the highest mononucleotide SSRs were composed of A and T repeat units, and the majority of dinucleotides were composed of AT and TA. One hundred thirty-four to 164 SSRs (simple sequence repeats) were detected in the four cp genomes. In addition to some genes being deleted, variations in the copy numbers and intron numbers existed in some genes in the four cp genomes. The IR (inverted repeat) region/LSC (long single copy) region and IR/SSC (short single copy) region borders of the four Amorphophallus cp genomes were compared. muelleri contains 111 and 113 genes, comprising 78 and 80 protein-coding genes, respectively, 29 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. bulbifer cp genome contains 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. albus chloroplast (cp) genome contains 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. To better understand the evolutionary relationships and mutation patterns in the chloroplast genome of Amorphophallus, the complete chloroplast genomes of four species were sequenced. Because the bulbs of Amorphophallus are rich in glucomannan, they have been widely used in food, medicine, the chemical industry and so on. Amorphophallus (Araceae) contains more than 170 species that are mainly distributed in Asia and Africa.
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